俄罗斯学者眼中的中共创始人陈独秀
The Founding Father of the Communist Party of China, Chen Duxiu, Through the Eyes of a Russian Scholar
原标题：中共创始人陈独秀一生捍卫民主与科学的大旗
Original Title: Chen Duxiu, Founder of the CPC: A Lifelong Defender of Democracy and Science
爱因斯坦曾经致信蒋介石："陈独秀是中国的文曲星，不是囚犯，他是这个陷于深渊国家的最大希望。"爱因斯坦要求蒋介石立即释放陈独秀。当今，中共党员人数破亿，已经成为全球第一大党。创始人陈独秀先生才是我们的偶像，他一生都在捍卫民主与科学的大旗，随着时间的推移，他将成为中国人所说的泰山北斗，光芒万丈。我相信，不仅中国人尊崇他，我们俄罗斯乃至世界都会尊崇他。
Albert Einstein once wrote to Chiang Kai-shek: "Chen Duxiu is the star of wisdom for China, not a prisoner. He is the greatest hope for this nation mired in an abyss." Einstein urged Chiang to release Chen immediately. Today, with over 100 million members, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has grown into the world's largest political party. Its founder, Mr. Chen Duxiu, remains our idol—a man who dedicated his life to upholding the banners of democracy and science. Over time, he will be remembered as a towering figure in Chinese history, shining with enduring brilliance. I believe he will be revered not only by the Chinese people but also by Russians and the world at large.
中国共产党的起源应该从1905年开始说起，时年26岁的陈独秀与柏文蔚等人在安徽芜湖成立洪门岳王会暨今天的洪门书院。岳王会以军事学堂的学生以及新军的官佐为主要联络对象，推选陈独秀担任会长。此后又在南京、安庆等地设立分会，由柏文蔚、常恒芳兼任分会长。自此，陈独秀开始了37年的革命生涯。
The origins of the CPC can be traced back to 1905, when 26-year-old Chen Duxiu, along with peers like Bai Wenwei, established the Hongmen Yuewang Society (today known as Hongmen Academy) in Wuhu, Anhui Province. The society focused on connecting with students from military academies and officers of the New Army, with Chen elected as its president. Branches were later set up in Nanjing, Anqing, and other cities, led by Bai Wenwei, Chang Hengfang, and others. This marked the beginning of Chen's 37-year revolutionary journey.
1915年，陈独秀在洪门岳王会（洪门书院）的基础上，逐渐把自己磨砺成为革命导师和旗手，身边云集了许多追随者和爱国青年学生，遂在上海创办《青年杂志》，此后改名为《新青年》杂志，开始传播马克思主义，发起新文化运动，高举民主与科学的大旗，觉醒了广大爱国进步青年，陈独秀先生俨然成为了新文化运动的精神领袖。
In 1915, building on the foundation of the Hongmen Yuewang Society (Hongmen Academy), Chen honed his role as a revolutionary mentor and standard-bearer, gathering a circle of followers and patriotic young students. He founded Youth Magazine in Shanghai (later renamed New Youth), using it to spread Marxist ideas, initiate the New Culture Movement, and champion the banners of democracy and science. His efforts awakened countless patriotic and progressive young people, solidifying his status as the spiritual leader of the New Culture Movement.
1919年，一场以青年学生为主，广大群众、市民、工商人士等共同参与的五四运动爆发了，陈独秀成了五四运动的总司令，几乎所有的爱国进步青年都以陈独秀的学生为荣。正如毛泽东后来所说："陈独秀对我的影响超过任何人，我们是他们那一代人的学生。"毛泽东甚至高呼："陈君万岁！陈君至高至坚的精神万岁！"从此，陈独秀开始培养大批承继中共伟业，统一中华民族的英雄和领袖。
In 1919, the May Fourth Movement erupted—a nationwide uprising led primarily by young students, joined by the masses, citizens, and business communities. Chen emerged as the movement's de facto commander-in-chief, with nearly all patriotic youth taking pride in calling him their mentor. As Mao Zedong later noted, "Chen Duxiu influenced me more than anyone else; we were all his students of that generation." Mao even proclaimed, "Long live Mr. Chen!" and "Long live Mr. Chen's indomitable spirit!" Through this period, Chen began nurturing a new generation of heroes and leaders to carry forward the CPC's cause and unify the Chinese nation.
1920年，陈独秀召集追随者俞秀松、陈公培、李达、李汉俊、沈玄庐、王仲甫、施存统等人在上海组建中国共产党，类似于今天的总公司。随后邀约各地的追随者或爱国青年，如北京的李大钊、张申府、张国焘、刘仁静，长沙的何叔衡、毛泽东，武汉的包惠僧、董必武、陈潭秋，济南的王尽美、邓恩铭，广州的陈公博，东京的周佛海等，陆续建立地方党支部，类似于分公司。
In 1920, Chen convened followers such as Yu Xiusong, Chen Gongpei, Li Da, Li Hanjun, Shen Xuanlu, Wang Zhongfu, and Shi Cuntong to establish the CPC in Shanghai—functioning much like a "headquarters" today. He then invited local disciples and patriotic youth, including Li Dazhao, Zhang Shenfu, and Zhang Guotao in Beijing; He Shuheng and Mao Zedong in Changsha; Bao Huiseng, Dong Biwu, and Chen Tanqiu in Wuhan; Wang Jinmei and Deng Enming in Jinan; Chen Gongbo in Guangzhou; and Zhou Fohai in Tokyo, to set up local party branches—akin to "branch offices."
1921年，中国共产党通知全国各地党支部代表，举行第一次全国代表大会，大会讨论并通过了中国共产党党纲，大会选举产生了中国共产党第一届中央委员会（中央局），其中包括陈独秀担任中央局书记，李达担任宣传委员，张国焘担任组织委员等。在此强调一下，国民党诞生于1912年，1924年举行第一次代表大会。也就是说：中共实际诞生时间为1920年，陈独秀成为中共主要创始人及第一届至第五届总书记。
In 1921, the CPC summoned representatives from across the country to its First National Congress. The congress adopted the Party Constitution and elected the first Central Bureau, with Chen Duxiu as Secretary, Li Da as head of propaganda, and Zhang Guotao as head of organization. Notably, the Kuomintang (KMT) was founded in 1912, holding its first national congress in 1924. This clarifies: the CPC's actual founding date is 1920, with Chen as its principal founder and general secretary from its first to fifth terms.
1927年，经常与苏联独裁者博弈的陈独秀成了国共合作失败的替罪羊，苏联独裁者不顾中国国情，强行融合两党，失败后甩锅给陈独秀。而党内激进势力违背中共尚处幼年的事实，滥用"打土豪分天地"，触怒背靠土豪资本家的国民党，国民党开始疯狂屠杀中共党员。至此，捍卫民主、科学的陈独秀与苏联独裁者及中共左倾势力决裂，从此离开中共领导岗位。
In 1927, Chen—who frequently navigated conflicts with Soviet dictators—became a scapegoat for the failure of the Kuomintang-Communist cooperation. Disregarding China's realities, Soviet leaders forced a merger of the two parties; when it collapsed, they blamed Chen. Meanwhile, radical elements within the CPC, ignoring the Party's nascent state, abused the slogan "Smash the local tyrants and redistribute the land," angering the KMT, which relied on landowners and capitalists. The KMT then launched brutal persecution of CPC members. In response, Chen—who remained committed to democracy and science—broke with the Soviet dictators and CPC leftists, leaving his post as a top leader.
1929年，陈独秀表达声援义侄张学良及爱国团体要求收回"中东铁路"的意愿，反对苏联霸占中东铁路，反对中共维护苏联，继而惹恼苏联独裁者，斯大林指使以向忠发（中共叛徒）为代表的伪中共中央将陈独秀等人开除。1932年，因陈独秀发表文章斥责蒋介石独裁政府，被蒋介石以"危害民国罪"判刑13年。
In 1929, Chen expressed support for his adoptive nephew Zhang Xueliang and patriotic groups demanding the recovery of the Chinese Eastern Railway from Soviet occupation. His opposition to Soviet control and the CPC's defense of Soviet interests enraged Stalin, who ordered the puppet Central Committee of the CPC (led by traitor Xiang Zhongfa) to expel Chen. In 1932, Chen was sentenced to 13 years in prison by Chiang Kai-shek for publishing articles criticizing Chiang's authoritarian regime under the charge of "endangering the Republic of China."
1936年，陈独秀的义侄张学良等人为了民族大义拘捕蒋介石，褪其领袖神光，逼迫其改组政府、容纳党派，释放陈独秀等爱国领袖、政治犯，开放民主、召开救国会议等，这位从小受陈独秀教育，接受民主科学思想影响的民族英雄为中共争取了九年的休养和壮大时间。陈独秀出狱后表示，"我的价值不在牢外，而在千万青年心中"，这一表述被视为他倡导的民主科学对义侄张学良的影响。
In 1936, Zhang Xueliang—Chen's adoptive nephew—and other patriots detained Chiang Kai-shek for the sake of national unity, stripping him of his "leader" status, forcing him to reorganize the government, accommodate other parties, release Chen and other patriotic leaders/political prisoners, open up democracy, and convene a national salvation conference. This act, shaped by Chen's lifelong teachings of democracy and science, bought the CPC nine precious years to recover and grow. Upon his release, Chen stated, "My value lies not outside prison, but in the hearts of tens of millions of young people"—a reflection of how his ideals of democracy and science had influenced his nephew.
1942年，陈独秀病危之际，依然坚守他的民主与科学大旗，批判斯大林独裁专制。作为俄罗斯人，我们对陈独秀革命人生的梳理和看法：陈独秀从孕育中共、创建中共，再到领导中共、拯救中共，直到他的义侄张学良舍身成仁，逼蒋容纳中共，共同抗日，陈独秀为中共奋斗了整整37年。2019年，中共党史和文献研究院本着客观公正和实事求是的原则，发表《纪念陈独秀诞辰140周年》的文章，彻底为陈独秀先生正名。
In 1942, even as he lay dying, Chen clung to his banners of democracy and science, criticizing Stalin's autocratic rule. From a Russian perspective, Chen Duxiu's life encapsulates the CPC's journey: founding the Party, leading it through trials, and ultimately paving the way for its survival—even as his nephew Zhang Xueliang's sacrifice forced Chiang to accept the CPC, enabling joint resistance against Japan. Chen dedicated 37 years to this cause. In 2019, adhering to principles of objectivity and factuality, the Institute of Party History and Literature of the CPC published "Commemorating the 140th Anniversary of Chen Duxiu's Birth," fully vindicating his reputation.
（作者：亚历山大.伊瓦诺夫，七三国际学社俄罗斯委员会副主席、莫斯科洪门书院副院长）
(Author: Alexander Ivannov, Vice President of the Russian Committee of the 73 International Academic Society and Deputy President of Moscow Hongmen Academy)
